When the French Parliament advanced housing as a fundamental right for every citizen

In the history of France, a draft resolution addressing the legally enforceable right to housing for ordinary citizens was formally presented to the cabinet on 17 January 2007. The French government designated this initiative as the Right to Housing, known as DALO (Droit au logement opposable). The purpose of this measure was to establish housing as a basic legal right, one that individuals could assert through judicial mechanisms. It provided that if the state or local authorities failed to supply housing to an eligible person, the affected individual would have the right to initiate legal proceedings against the state. Following parliamentary debate and the completion of legislative procedures, the law was formally adopted on 5 March 2007 and entered into force on the same date. The defining feature of this legislation was that it transformed housing from a constitutional principle or social policy objective into a justiciable right, meaning a right enforceable through judicial review. Citizens were entitled to pursue this right before administrative courts, within whose jurisdiction the state and local authorities could be held directly accountable, including oversight by the Conseil d’État, France’s highest administrative court. This development marked a significant shift in housing governance. Housing was no longer treated solely as a policy commitment but was incorporated into a legal framework of state responsibility tied to judicial enforcement. The implications of this shift extended well beyond France, influencing broader debates on welfare obligations and state accountability. Under the law, the state was placed under a binding legal duty to provide shelter to its citizens. Individuals who were homeless or living in conditions of severe hardship gained the right to seek judicial remedy and, in cases of governmental failure, to bring legal action against the state. With this step, France became the second country in the world, after Scotland, to recognize housing as a right that could be enforced through the courts. This development reshaped housing policy discourse across Europe and compelled governments to design accountable systems for low-income and vulnerable populations. Following the law’s implementation, substantial reforms were introduced in land-use planning and construction regulations under the framework of social housing, with the objective of ensuring the availability of affordable and accessible housing for low-income groups.