In the aftermath of the First World War, Europe faced widespread devastation. Millions of homes had been destroyed, while soldiers returned from the front to cities unable to absorb them. In Britain, this moment gave rise to the slogan “Homes Fit for Heroes”, encapsulating a growing belief that postwar reconstruction demanded more than physical rebuilding. Within this context, the French government decree issued on 22 December 1924, alongside Britain’s Wheatley Act of the same year, marked a decisive turning point in the history of housing and real estate. For the first time, the provision of housing was formally acknowledged as a public responsibility rather than a charitable or purely private concern.

On 22 December 1924, France issued a formal governmental order that transformed the Loucheur Law from a legislative framework into an operational programme. This decree authorised, for the first time, the allocation of public funds specifically for affordable housing, enabled the acquisition and designation of land for residential development, and vested municipal authorities with clear mandates for construction and implementation. Through this administrative and financial framework, the state assumed the role of housing developer, explicitly recognising access to affordable housing as a public right.

In the immediate aftermath of the decree, construction commenced under the model of Habitations à Bon Marché (HBM), representing France’s earliest systematic approach to affordable housing. In subsequent years, this framework evolved into the structured system of Habitations à Loyer Modéré (HLM), establishing regulated, low-rent public housing as a permanent feature of the urban landscape.

The importance of this moment has endured. Contemporary debates around low-cost housing and social housing policy continue to draw upon the practical foundations laid by the decision of 22 December 1924.

Following the issuance of the decree, land acquisition began in the outskirts of Paris for the development of garden cities and collective residential apartment blocks. Designed around principles of open space, natural light, greenery, and access to essential services, these schemes represented a significant departure from prevailing urban models. For the first time, it was formally asserted that low-income citizens were entitled not merely to shelter, but to dignified and adequate living conditions.

This decision also established a new precedent for state intervention. While municipal and cooperative housing initiatives had existed on a limited scale prior to this period, it was within this framework that the state, for the first time at a national level, assumed responsibility for large-scale funding, land allocation, and construction. This model later informed social housing policies across Europe and, eventually, across much of the world.

Today, as discussions continue in Pakistan and elsewhere regarding low-cost housing, access to housing for lower-income populations, and the role of state subsidy, their intellectual and practical origins can be traced to the decision of 22 December 1924. That moment reframed real estate from a purely investment-driven asset into an arena of social responsibility, positioning housing as a foundational element of the relationship between the state and its citizens.

Approximately 1,169 years ago, on 22 December 856 AD, a devastating earthquake struck the city of Damghan and its surrounding areas in the northern region of Qumis in Persia, present day Iran. Contemporary historical accounts and later scholarly records agree that this earthquake ranks among the most destructive natural disasters in human history in terms of both intensity and loss of life.

According to historical estimates, the earthquake reached a magnitude of approximately 7.9 on the Richter scale. The death toll is commonly cited at around two hundred thousand people. Although systematic population censuses did not exist in the ninth century, early Islamic and Persian historical sources consistently describe the scale of human loss as extraordinarily high, leaving little doubt about the severity of the catastrophe.

At the time, Damghan was an important commercial centre under Abbasid administration and one of the most densely populated cities of ancient Iran. The earthquake caused widespread destruction across the city. Residential quarters, mosques, fortifications, and public buildings collapsed almost entirely, while many nearby settlements disappeared altogether. Historical narratives report that aftershocks continued for several days, deepening fear and instability among the surviving population and compounding the humanitarian crisis.

In later centuries, with the emergence of modern historiography and scientific research approximately between 1880 and 1930 AD, scholars undertook systematic efforts to convert dates recorded in the lunar calendar into the Christian calendar using astronomical calculations. Through this process, the date of the Damghan earthquake was established as 22 December 856 AD, a conclusion that is now widely accepted in international academic and scientific records.

The Damghan disaster represents more than a natural calamity. It marked a profound turning point in human settlement patterns and construction practices across the region. In the aftermath of the earthquake, greater attention was given to safer locations for habitation. Communities increasingly moved away from unstable mountainous zones toward comparatively secure plains, and the relationship between human settlement and natural risk began to be taken seriously for the first time.